ข่าว PR ออนไลน์

Histoire Article: History of the Central African Republic Pre-histoireEntre about 1000 BC and 1000 AD, Adamawa-Eastern peoples common language of Cameroon east to Sudan and settled in most of the territory of the car. At the same time, a much smaller number of Bantu-speaking immigrants in southwestern CAR and had some medium-speaking Sudanese population living along the Oubangui rivers. Most people in the car and speak languages Adamawa East or Bantu languages belong to the Niger-Congo family. A minority speak Central Sudanic languages of the Nilo-Saharan family. More recent immigrants include many Muslim merchants, who speak most often in Arabic or Hausa. Exposure to the world extérieurJusqu’au early 1800s, the peoples of the car lived beyond the boundaries expand Islam in the Sudan zone of Africa and thus had relatively little contact with Abrahamic religions or northern economies. In the first decades of the nineteenth century, however, began to Muslim traders, to penetrate more and to maintain more in the area of the CAR and special relations with local leaders to facilitate their trading and settlement systems in the immediate vicinity “Muslim traders first time in the early 1800s arrived, was relatively peaceful and depended on the support of the local population, but after the slave traders in 1850, with well-armed soldiers entrance began in this area. between C. 1860 and 1910, slave traders from Sudan, Chad, Cameroon, Dar al -Kuti in Northern and CAR Nzakara Zande States and in southeastern CAR exports a large proportion of the population of the car, a region with very few inhabitants today. françaisArticle detailed colonialism: Ubangi-Shari began in ChariOubangui 1910pénétration European Central African region in the late nineteenth century during the so-called Scramble for Africa (18,751,900 c.). Savorgnan Count de Brazza took the lead in establishing the French Congo with headquarters in the city that its name, Brazzaville, bears, and sent expeditions to the Ubangi in the interests, rights of France in the field expand Central Africa. King Leopold II of Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom also attended the preparation of their claims to the territory of the African region centrale.En 1889, French was the one place on the Ubangi to Bangui, the future capital of Ubangi-Shari and the car. De Brazza, then sent 189,091 shipments with the Sangha River in what is now south-western CAR, the center of the Ubangi basin toward Lake Chad, and eastward along the Ubangi, the Nil. De Brazza and procolonial in France wanted the borders of the French Congo to expand in order to establish links with the French territories in West Africa, North Africa and East Africa. In 1894, the Congo’s borders with the French State of Leopold II, the Congo and the Free German Cameroon were fixed by diplomatic agreements. Then in 1899 the French Congo border with Sudan has been fixed along the Congo-Nile, so that France without his coveted outlet on the Nile and south turn Ubangi-Shari in a dead-end de-sac.Une Once European negotiators had agreed on the banks of the French Congo France to decide how to pay for the costly occupation, administration and development planning. The financial success of the concessionaires of Leopold II . believe in the Congo Free State, that the government to implement in the 1899-17 French private companies large concessions in the Ubangi-Shari region. In return, the right to use these countries by buying local products and selling European goods, promised companies rent to pay the colonial state and to promote the development of their concessions. European companies and African officials who have often used force to extremely violent and cruel methods of Central Africans to work for them. At the same time began the colonial administration to force the French Central Africans to pay taxes and provide the state with the free labor. The companies and French administration often collaborated in their efforts to force Central Africans to work for themselves, but they were often in French désaccord.Certains Officials reported possess abuse by private militias and even by their colleagues and colonial troops, but efforts to bring these criminals to justice have failed, almost always. arrived When the news of atrocities committed against Central Africans by concessionary staff and colonial officials or troops in France is committed and caused an uproar, there were investigations and some feeble attempts to reform, but the situation on the ground in Ubangi-Shari remained essentially the même.Timbre 1924Dans of the interval, during the first decade of French colonial rule (ca. 19,001,910 ), the leaders of African countries in the region of Ubangi-Shari increased looting of their activities of slaves and their sale of local products to European companies and the colonial state. your contracts used by the French, more weapons that are used by more slaves captured and buy much of the eastern half of Ubangi-Shari were felt as a result of the export depopulated Central Africans by local leaders during the first decade of colonial rule. Those who had power, Africans and Europeans, which often made life difficult for those who have not the strength to résister.Au in the second decade of the colonial period (about 19,101,920), the armed personnel of the colonial state and private companies continue to use brutal methods to handle a lot of local populations who resisted forced labor, but the power of local African rulers was destroyed and the slave raids was then decreased thoroughly. In 1911, Sangha and Lobaye basin to Germany were established through an agreement that France had a free hand in Morocco and so Western Ubangi-Shari under German rule until ceded the First World War in which France reconquered this territory by central forces africaines.La third decade of colonial rule (19201930) was a period of transition, in which a network of roads was built, cultures were funded pension, mobile health services have been trained to to fight against sleeping sickness, and were Protestant mission stations established in different parts of the country. New forms of forced labor also introduced, however, that the French confiscated large numbers of Ubangians at the Railway Congo-Ocean, and many of them work recruits died of exhaustion maladie.En and published in 1925, the writer André Gide, French Voyage au Congo in which he described the alarming consequences of conscription for the Congo-Ocean railway and exposed the continuing atrocities against Africans in Central Western Ubangi-Shari committed employees of the Agency for Forestry of the Sangha-Oubangui, for example. In 1928, a major uprising, the handle of the Congo War Wara “the hoe” broke out in Western Ubangi-Shari and lasted several years. The extent of this insurrection, perhaps the greatest anti-colonial rebellion in Africa during the two world wars, was carefully concealed from the French public, because evidence presented, again strong opposition to colonial rule and French forcé.Au as working during the fourth decade of colonial rule (c. 19.30194 million), cotton, tea and coffee cash crops important in the Ubangi-Shari and the mining of diamonds and gold began Seriously. Several cotton companies were granted purchasing monopolies in much of the cotton production and are therefore in a position, the prices paid to farmers fix guarantee of profits for their shareholders . Europeans established coffee plantations and Central Africans also began to cultivate café.Le fifth decade of colonial rule (c. 19,401,950) was characterized by the Second World War and the political reforms that followed in its wake. In September 1940 pro-Gaullist French officers took control of Ubangi-Shari. IndépendanceLe December 1, 1958, the colony of Ubangi-Shari became an autonomous territory within the French Community and took the name of the Central African Republic. The founder and chairman of the Governing Council, Barthlmy Boganda, died in a mysterious plane crash in 1959, just eight days before the last election the colonial period. On August 13, 1960, won in the Central African Republic, its independence and two of his closest aides Boganda Goumba Abel and David Dacko was engaged in a power struggle. With the support of the Franco took power and Dacko was soon arrested Goomba. In 1962 President Dacko had been a State Party unique.Le December 31, 1965 Dacko was by the coup’s Eve of State of Colonel Jean-bdel Bokassa, who suspended the constitution and dissolved the fall National Assembly. President Bokassa declared himself president for life in 1972 and named himself Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire, 4 December 1976. A year later, Emperor Bokassa is crowned in a lavish and expensive ceremony was attended by a majority the world to ridicule. In 1979 France carried out a coup against Bokassa and “restored” Dacko to power. Dacko, in turn, was in a coup by General Andre Kolingba, September 1 1981.Kolingba overthrown suspended the constitution and ruled with a military junta until 1985. He introduced a new constitution in 1986, which was adopted by a national referendum. Membership in his new party, the Rally democracies of Central (DRC) have been on a voluntary basis. In 1987, semi-competitive elections were held in the Parliament and municipal elections were in 1988 instead. Kolingba two main political opponents, Abel Goumba and Ange-Flix Patassé, these elections boycotted because are their parties are not allowed, in 1990 after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy concourir.En movement was very active. In May 1990, prompted a letter signed by 253 prominent citizens to convene a national conference, but declined that request Kolingba arrested and pursued several opponents. The pressure from the United States, more reluctantly by France, and a group of countries and organizations represented on the ground called GIBAFOR (USA, France, Germany, Japan, EU, World Bank and UN) finally led to Kolingba agree in principle to free elections in October 1992 to hold, with the assistance of the Office of Electoral Affairs. After under the pretext of alleged irregularities on the election results as an excuse to stay in power to suspend, came under intense pressure from President Kolingba GIBAFOR creation of a “Provisional National Council of Democracy Policy” (Policy Interim National Council) (CNPPR) and a ” joint election commission, which were made up of representatives of all parties politiques.Lorsque elections finally held in 1993, again provided with the assistance of the international community, Ange-Flix Patassé top of the first round and comes fourth after Abel Goumba Kolingba and David Dacko. In the second round, won 53 percent of the vote, while winning Patassé Goumba 45th 6 percent. Most support came from Patassé Gbaya, Kare and Kaba voters in seven prefectures in densely populated northwest, while the Goomba support came mostly from ten least populated prefectures in the south and east. In addition, the party won Patassé Movement for the libration of the Central African People (MLPC) or Movement for the Liberation of Central African People a simple, but not the absolute majority of seats in Parliament, which means Patassé necessary partners coalition.Patass Former President Kolingba relieved of his military rank of general and March 1994, several former ministers charged with various crimes. Patassé Yakoma many important and lucrative positions deleted in the government. Two hundred Yakoma mostly members of the Presidential Guard also dismissed or transferred to the army. Kolingba RDC loudly proclaimed that the government adopted Patassé conduct a witch hunt “against Yakoma.Une new Constitution 28 December 1994 and January 14, 1995 was promulgated, but the Constitution, like those before it does not have much influence on the practice of politics . In 19961997, reflecting a steady decline in public confidence in his erratic behavior were three mutinies against the government Patassé accompanied by widespread destruction of property and the aggravation of ethnic tensions. On January 25, 1997, the Bangui Agreements Peace signed for the deployment of an inter-African military mission, the Inter-African Mission planned to monitor the Bangui Agreements (MISAB). Former President of Mali, Amadou Tour, served as chief mediator and negotiated the entry of former rebels into the government April 7 1997th mission MISAB was later replaced by a force of peace, United Nations, the UN Mission in CAR (MINURCA). has resulted in the 1998 parliamentary elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo Kolingba, won 20 out of 109 seats a comeback, but in 1999, despite the popular anger in urban centers with his corrupt regime won Patassé free elections to the President for a second term to become. 28 May 2001 The rebels stormed the strategic buildings in Bangui fail in a coup attempt. The Chief of the Major Abel Abrou and General Francois N’Djadder Bedaya were killed, but Patassé the lead again in at least 300 soldiers of the rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba of the river in the Democratic Republic of Congo and libyens.À soldiers after the failed coup, militias loyal Patassé on revenge against the rebels in many neighborhoods of the capital Bangui, in the destruction of many houses and actions result in torture and murder of many opponents came. Patassé finally to believe that General Bozize Franois in another coup attempt took part against him, and so with loyal troops Chad fled Bozize. In March 2003, Bozize of a surprise attack against Patassé, who was out of the country. Libyan troops and some 1,000 soldiers of the Congolese rebel Bemba, the organization fails, took over the rebels, the control of the country and was successful in reversing Patass.Franois end Bozize suspended the constitution and appointed a new cabinet, which most opposition parties. Goumba Abel, “Mr. Clean “, became a vice president who has the new government a positive image Bozize. Bozize created included elaborate Council a broad-based Transitional National Government of a new constitution and announced he would resign and run for office once the new constitution accepted. a national dialogue was excluded from September 15 to October 27 2003 at Bozize and won a fair election that Patassé be elected president for a second round of voting May 2005. humanitarian situation, consolidation and développementLa Central African Republic is heavily dependent on foreign aid and the presence of multilateral Many NGOs that provide services the government does not give. As a representative of UNDP said that the Central African Republic is a country “under the serum or country is metaphorically connected to a IV (Mehler 2005:150). The presence of many people and organizations abroad, including members of the peacekeeping forces and refugee camps, is an important source of income for many Centrafricains.Le country is self-sufficient in food crops, but much of the population lives in a subsistence level. Livestock development is tsé.En by the presence of the tsetse fly in 2006 because of the continuing violence, more than 50,000 in the North West have been hampered by starvation in danger, and it was only the support of the United Nations Please avoided. [Edit] Building Commission places Central African Republic to the agenda of the 12th June 2008, the Central African Republic is the fourth country to be placed on the agenda of the UN Peacebuilding Commission that was created in 2005 to help countries to avoid conflicts arising from a relapse into war or chaos. The body of 31 members agreed takeover of the situation after a request gouvernement.Consolidation Peace Fund The Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said, 8 January 2008, in the Central African Republic is entitled to receive assistance from the Fund Consolidation of peace. Three priority areas were identified: 1) the reform of the security sector 2) promoting good governance and the rule of law and 3) the revitalization of communities affected by conflict. PolitiqueArticle: Politics of the Republic is President Bozizé centrafricaineFranois country. A new constitution was adopted by the voters in a referendum 5th December 2004 were approved. Full multi-party presidential and parliamentary elections were held in March 2005, was a second round in May Bozize declared the winner after the vote was a ruissellement.En February 2006, reports of widespread violence in the northern part of the car. Thousands of refugees have fled from their homes, caught in the crossfire of fighting between government troops and rebels. More than 7,000 people have fled to neighboring Chad. Those who stayed in the car, says government troops systematically killing men and boys suspected of working with rebels. Prefectures and sub-préfecturesPréfectures detailed centrafricaineArticle Republic: Central African Republic Prefectures and sub-prefectures of the Republic centrafricaineLa Central African Republic is divided into 14 administrative prefectures (prefecture), 2 economic prefectures (prefecture-economic) and one autonomous municipality. The prefectures are in 71 sub-prefectures (sub-prefecture) is divided. The prefectures are: Bamingui-BangoranBasse-KottoHaute-KottoHaut-MbomouKmoLobayeMambr-KadMbomouNana-MambrOmbella-M’PokoOuakaOuhamOuham PendVakagales two prefectures are Nana-economic Grbizi mbar and Sangha, the city of Bangui. GéographieArticle: Geography of the Republic centrafricaineImage Satellite Central African Republic, from raster graphics data from the Library of the Republic CarteCarte centrafricaineRivière Ubangi delivered outskirts of Bangui.La Central African Republic, a landlocked country within the African continent. It is used by the countries of Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic borders Congo.Une much of the country consists of flat or rolling plateau savanna, typically about 1,640 feet (500 m) altitude, most of the northern half is the World Wildlife Fund Ecoregion East Sudanian savanna. In the northeast are the hills of Fertit, and there are hills scattered in the southwest. In the northwest Yade Massif, a granite plateau with an elevation of 3,750 feet (1143 m). At 240.519 square miles (622,941 km2), the Central African Republic, a country, the 42nd largest in the world. It is comparable to the Ukraine, and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of Texas.Une is far from the southern border of tributaries of the Congo River with the river Mbomou is formed in the planned merger to form the Ubangi River Ulrich. In the west, the Sangha River through part of the country. The eastern boundary is along the river basin Nil.Les estimates of the amount of land covered by forest to a distance of 8%, with the parties closest to the south. The forest is very diverse and include commercially important species Ayous, Sapelli and Sipo. Deforestation is “0″. 4% per year, and timber poaching currency courante.Le climate is tropical in the car to the rule. The northern regions are subject Harmattan winds that are warm, dry, and dusting. The northern regions were the subject of desertification and the north is desert. The rest of the country is flood prone rivers proximité.En November 2008 in the journal National Geographic, the Central African Republic, was appointed the country least affected by light pollution. ÉconomieArticle: Economy of the Republic centrafricaineUn child plays with oil lamps in the city of Birao, burned, Central African Republic. The city was almost completely burned in March 2007 during fighting between rebels and troops gouvernementales.L economy of the CAR is dominated by the cultivation and sale of crops such as cassava, peanuts, maize, sorghum, millet needed, sesame seeds, plantains and homonymy [Sara] . The annual growth rate of real GDP is just above 3%. The importance of food crops for the export of cash will crop indicated by the fact that the entire production of cassava, t the staple food of most Africans, Central, 200000-300000 per year, while the production of cotton, the most important export cash crop sufficient 25000-45000 tonnes per year. The cultures are not exported in large quantities, but they are still the main cash crops of the country since the central African exports far more income from the sale of food crops periodic excess cash crops such as cotton or café.Le partner of the largest import-CAR is South Korea (20 2%), followed by France (13 6%) and Cameroon (7 7%), while its main export partners in Japan (40 4%), followed by Belgium (9 8 %) and China (8 2%). Many rural and urban women also turn food crops into alcoholic drinks such as sorghum beer or spirits and draw significant revenue from the sale of such beverages. Much of the revenue from the sale of food and alcohol is not “in pounds” and thus not included in the calculation of per capita income, which is one reason that made for the official figures for income per head is not in the case of CAR accurate. The per capita income of the car is often listed as approximately $ 300 per year, they say, one of the lowest world, but this number is mainly focused on the sale of exports and largely ignores the most important sale, but not for food approved, locally produced alcohol, diamonds, ivory, bush meat and traditional medicine, for example. The informal economy of the car is more important than the formal economy for most Centrafricains.Diamonds form the largest export of cars, which represents 4055% of export revenues, but it is estimated that 3050% diamonds produced each year leave the country illegally. Export trade is hindered by poor economic development and the situation of the country near the desert côte.Les of this country have a potential as ecotourism destinations. The country is known for its population of forest elephants. In the southwest is the Dzanga-Sangha National Park covers an area of rainforest. In the north Manovo Gounda-St Floris National Park was full of animals, including leopards, lions, rhinos. In the northeastern Bamingui-Bangoran National Park. However, the population of wild animals in these parks is strong in the last 20 years declined from due to poaching, particularly the Sudan voisin.La CAR is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). CAR 180 of 181 on the “lightness of business in the Rank Doing Business 2009 Report of the World Bank.” Ease of business ranking uses a composite index on the regulations, improve operations and those that limit it. DémographieArticle: Economy of the Republic centrafricaineUn village in the Republic centrafricaineLa population has quadrupled since independence, almost. In 1960 had a population of 1.232 million. Now the population is 4.422 million. (2009 UN estimate) note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS, which can lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death, lower earnings population and growth rates and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex UN estimates that could attendre.Les that about 11% of the population is HIV-positive 15 49. Only 3% of the national anti-retroviral therapy available, is compared with 17% coverage in the neighboring countries of Chad and the Republic of Congo.La nation in more than 80 ethnic groups, each divided with their own language. The main ethnic groups are the Baya 33%, 27% Mandjia Banda 13%, 10% Sara, Mboum 7%, 4% and M’Baka Yakoma 4%, 2% other, including the Europeans, mainly French origin. SantéArticle detailed: Health in the Republic centrafricaineEspérance of life at birth was 48th 2 and the male life expectancy at birth was 45th 1 in 2007. The birth rate is about five births per woman. Public expenditure on health amounted to U.S. $ 20 (PPP) per person in 2006. There are eight doctors per 100,000 population in 2004. Public expenditure on health amounted 10th 9% of total government expenditure in 2006. Religion Article See also: Religion in the Republic centrafricaineReligion Republic centrafricainereligionpour centChrétien50 Indigène35%%% Islam15 Christians make up 50 percent of the population, while 35 percent of the population get to the Aboriginal beliefs upright, and Islam will have pays.Il of about 15 percent of the population many missionary groups in the country, including Lutherans, Baptists, Catholics, Grace Brethren, and Jehovah’s Witnesses practice. Although these missionaries, mostly U.S., France, Italy and Spain, many are also from Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo and other African countries. Many missionaries have left the country because of fighting between rebels and government forces in 2002 and 2003. Many have now returned and resumed their activities. Musique Article culture: music of the Central African Republic detailed ÉducationArticle: Education in the Republic centrafricaineL’éducation the public in the Central African Republic is free and compulsory education from 6 years to 14 years. About half of the adult population of the country is illiterate. The country, the University of Bangui. See View author aussiListe Central African Republic aussiAfrique detailed portailArticle: Map of the Republic of topics centrafricaineListe Central African Republic Central African Republic liéesTransport References ^ Department of Population Division of Economic and Social Affairs (2009) (. PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A. 1 2008 revision. United Nations. http://www. United Nations. org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables. pdf. From 03/12/2009. ↑ “Central African Republic abcd. International Monetary Fund. Http://www. Org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept IMF.. Aspx? Sy = 2006 & ey = 2009 & Claw = 1 & SSD = 1 & sort = Country & DS =. Br = 1 & & c = 626 & s = NGDPD, NGDPDPC, PPPGDP, PPPPC, LP & GRP = 0 & a = & PR . x = 53 & PR. y = 9 4, p.